Storage : Both incoming crude oil and the outgoing final products are stored temporarily in large tanks on a tank farm near the refinery. Octane level, vapor pressure ratings, and other special considerations determine the gasoline blend. To make gasoline, refinery technicians carefully combine a variety of streams from the processing units. The fractions from the distillation units are converted into intermediate components that ultimately become finished products. Heavier liquids, called gas oils, separate lower down in the distillation tower, while the heaviest fractions with the highest boiling points settle at the bottom of the tower.Īfter distillation, heavy, lower-value distillation fractions can be processed further into lighter, higher-value products such as gasoline. Medium weight liquids, including kerosene and distillates, stay in the middle of the distillation tower. The lightest fractions, including gasoline and liquefied refinery gases, vaporize and rise to the top of the distillation tower, where they condense back to liquids. Refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products. Petroleum refineries are complex and expensive industrial facilities. Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals. Additionally, viscosity and density are important guidelines for numerical simulations to determine the economics and success of the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) project. The difficulty and high costs of viscosity and density measurements at reservoir conditions are the main reasons for the lack of such data at other temperatures. Today, improvements in the measurement and control of viscosity are leading to massive increases in profitability for refiners. Methods and technologies have been developed over time to give operators more control over their operations. Refined products have been defined by their viscosity. Also, it is critical to protection of process machinery such as pumps and compressors. Viscosity is central to determination of product quality. All customers buy refinery products distinguished by their viscosity grades, based on internationally accepted norms such as ASTM. Viscosity is one of the most critical measurement performed in a refinery. Viscosity and density play very important roles in oil production, transportation through pipelines, and oil recovery processes. Crude oil is classified as light or heavy oil based on different physical properties, such as molecular weight, viscosity, density, and API gravity.
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